Identifying Effective Factors in the Management of Medication Errors in HIV/AIDS Patients in Iran’s Health System Using Structural Equation Modeling
medication errors
,
Abstract
Background: One of the centers that provide health services and treatment for HIV/AIDS patients is behavioral disease counseling centers. Today, patient safety and treatment combined with compliance with ethical and legal standards are among the most important concerns of medical and health centers, including the most important criteria for the credibility of an institution. In the meantime, medication errors in HIV/ AIDS patients lead to treatment disruption, drug poisoning, or even death. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the management of medication errors in HIV/AIDS patients in Iran's health system.
Methods: The present study is an applied study that was performed by descriptive method. First, by reviewing the research literature and interviewing 35 experts in the field of HIV / AIDS treatment, the variables and main components affecting the management of medication errors in HIV / AIDS patients were extracted and a research questionnaire was designed using them. Data were collected from 400 experts and specialists in infectious diseases, etc. Then, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and SPSS23 software and LISREL software.
Results: Four factors were identified as effective factors in medication error management in HIV/AIDS patients: organizational, educational, individual, and communication factors. Organizational factors and communication factors with a factor loading of 0.763 and 0.646 had the highest and lowest impact on drug error management in HIV / AIDS patients, respectively.
Conclusion: To efficiently and effectively manage medication errors in HIV / AIDS patients, while considering all four factors, organizational and educational factors should be given more attention and emphasis by managers.
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2. Gańczak M, Topczewska K. Risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens in paramedics. Medycyna pracy. 2018;69(6):685-94.
3. Yum HK. Management and perspectives of patient safety in healthcare. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 2013;56(6):454-8.
4. Aronson JK. Medication errors: what they are, how they happen, and how to avoid them. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2009;102(8):513-21.
5. Sanghera I, Franklin B, Dhillon S. The attitudes and beliefs of healthcare professionals on the causes and reporting of medication errors in a UK Intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(1):53-61.
6. Donaldson LJ, Kelley ET, Dhingra-Kumar N, Kieny M-P, Sheikh A. Medication without harm: WHO's third global patient safety challenge. The Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1680-1.
7. Farhoudi B, Ghalekhani N, Afsar Kazerooni P, Namdari Tabar H, Tayeri K, Gouya MM, et al. Cascade of care in people living with HIV in Iran in 2019; how far to reach UNAIDS/WHO targets. AIDS care. 2022;34(5):590-6.
8. Stover J, Glaubius R, Kassanjee R, Dugdale CMJJotIAS. Updates to the Spectrum/AIM model for the UNAIDS 2020 HIV estimates. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2021;24:e25778.
9. Li EH, Foisy MM. Antiretroviral and medication errors in hospitalized HIV-positive patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2014;48(8):998-1010.
10. Chiampas TD, Kim H, Badowski M. Evaluation of the occurrence and type of antiretroviral and opportunistic infection medication errors within the inpatient setting. Pharmacy Practice. 2015;13(1).
11. Liedtke M, Tomlin C, Skrepnek G, Farmer K, Johnson P, Rathbun R. HIV pharmacist's impact on inpatient antiretroviral errors. HIV medicine. 2016;17(10):717-23.
12. Yehia BR, Mehta JM, Ciuffetelli D, Moore RD, Pham PA, Metlay JP, et al. Antiretroviral medication errors remain high but are quickly corrected among hospitalized HIV-infected adults. Clinical infectious diseases. 2012;55(4):593-9.
13. Arshad S, Rothberg M, Rastegar DA, Spooner LM, Skiest D. Survey of physician knowledge regarding antiretroviral medications in hospitalized HIV‐infected patients. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2009;12(1):1-
14. Grissinger MC, Kelly K. Reducing the risk of medication errors in women. Journal of women's health. 2005;14(1):61-7.
15. Mrayyan MT, Shishani K, AL‐FAOURI I. Rate, causes and reporting of medication errors in Jordan: nurses’ perspectives. Journal of nursing management. 2007;15(6):659-70.
16. Commers T, Swindells S, Sayles H, Gross AE, Devetten M, Sandkovsky U. Antiretroviral medication prescribing errors are common with hospitalization of HIV-infected patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2014;69(1):262-7.
17. Pastakia SD, Corbett AH, Raasch RH, Napravnik S, Correll TA. Frequency of HIV-related medication errors and associated risk factors in hospitalized patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42(4):491-7.
18. Sterling ES, Romanelli F, Martin CA, Hoven AD, Smith KM. Impact of a pharmacy-initiated HIV admission note on medication errors within an academic hospital. Hospital Pharmacy. 2005;40(10):874-81.
19. Lauzevis S, Chaix F, Lazzerini C. Evaluation of a strategy aimed at reducing errors in antiretroviral prescriptions for hospitalized HIV-infected patients. Médecine et maladies infectieuses. 2013;43(9):391-7.
20. Shea KM, Hobbs AL, Shumake JD, Templet DJ, Padilla-Tolentino E, Mondy KE. Impact of an antiretroviral stewardship strategy on medication error rates. The Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. 2018;75(12):876-85.
21. Carcelero E, Tuset M, Martin M, De Lazzari E, Codina C, Miró J, et al. Evaluation of antiretroviral‐related errors and interventions by the clinical pharmacist in hospitalized HIV‐infected patients. HIV medicine. 2011;12(8):494-9.
22. Daniels LM, Raasch RH, Corbett AH. Implementation of targeted interventions to decrease antiretroviral-related errors in hospitalized patients. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2012;69(5):422-30.
23. Esmaili F, Mehrolhassani M, Barooni M, Goudarzi R. Measurement of efficiency of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian social security organization using data envelopment analysis in 2014. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;12:32-9.
24. Mikkelsen-Lopez I, Wyss K, de Savigny D. An approach to addressing governance from a health system framework perspective. BMC international health human rights. 2011;11(1):1-11.
25. Emamzadeh-Fard S, E Fard S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Paydary K. Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy and its determinants in HIV/AIDS patients: a review. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets. 2012;12(5):346-56.
26. Morowatisharifabad MA, Movahed E, Farokhzadian J, Nikooie R, Hosseinzadeh M, Askarishahi M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and its determinant factors among people living with HIV/AIDS: a case study in Iran. BMC Research Notes. 2019;12(1):1-5.
27. Yalda A, Seyyed Alinaghi S, Hajiabdolbaghi M. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and its determinants in AIDS patients. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2008.
28. Dalmida SG, McCoy K, Koenig HG, Miller A, Holstad MM, Thomas T, et al. Examination of the role of religious and psychosocial factors in HIV medication adherence rates. Journal of religion health. 2017;56(6):2144-61.
29. Chiampas TD, Biagi MJ, Badowski ME. Impact of an HIV-trained clinical pharmacist intervention on error rates of antiretroviral and opportunistic infection medications in the inpatient setting. Pharmacy Practice. 2019;17(3).
30. Camacho G, Kalichman S, Katner H. Anticipated HIV-related stigma and HIV treatment adherence: the indirect effect of medication concerns. AIDS Behavior. 2020;24(1):185-91.
31. Shitu Z, Aung MMT, Tuan Kamauzaman TH, Ab Rahman AF. Prevalence and characteristics of medication errors at an emergency department of a teaching hospital in Malaysia. BMC Health Services Research. 2020;20(1):56.
32. Dyab EA, Elkalmi RM, Bux SH, Jamshed SQ. Exploration of nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers towards medication error reporting in a tertiary health care facility: a qualitative approach. Pharmacy Practice. 2018;6(4):120.
33. Özdemir HÖ, Tosun S, Kabadurmuş FNK, Özdemir D. The impact of socioeconomic factors on the healthcare costs of people living with HIV in Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-10.
34. Özkaya H, Balcı N, Özdemir HÖ, Demirdal T, Tosun S, Köse Ş, et al. Treatment cost of HIV/AIDS in Turkey. International Journal of Health Governance. 2020;25(3):259-69.
35. Altice F, Evuarherhe O, Shina S, Carter G, Beaubrun AC. Adherence to HIV treatment regimens: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Patient preference and adherence. 2019;13:475-90.
36. Habibpour K, Safari R. A Comprehensive Guide to the Use of SPSS at Survey Research. Tehran: Loye (In Farsi); 2009.
37. Hardmeier A, Tsourounis C, Moore M, Abbott WE, Guglielmo BJ. Pediatric medication administration errors and workflow following implementation of a bar code medication administration system. Journal for Healthcare Quality. 2014;36(4):54-63.
38. Furukawa H, Bunko H, Tsuchiya F, Miyamoto K-i. Voluntary medication error reporting program in a Japanese national university hospital. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003;37(11):1716-22.
39. Yürür G, Ramirez Valdez KP. Disclosure of medical errors: A literature review and the situation in Turkey. Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences. 2018;2(01):1850003.
40. Vrbnjak D, Denieffe S, O'Gorman C, Pajnkihar M. Barriers to reporting medication errors and near misses among nurses: A systematic review. International journal of nursing studies. 2016;63:162-78.
41. Al-Ahmadi RF, Al-Juffali L, Al-Shanawani S, Ali S. Categorizing and understanding medication errors in hospital pharmacy in relation to human factors. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society. 2020;28(12):1674-85.
42. DeLorenze GN, Follansbee SF, Nguyen DP, Klein DB, Horberg M, Quesenberry Jr CP, et al. Medication Error in the Care of HIV/AIDS Patients Electronic Surveillance, Confirmation, and Adverse Events. Medical care. 2005:III63-III8.
43. Aeenparast A, Maftoon F, Farzadi F. Identifying key variables for designing a scheduling system for outpatient appointments: A systematic review. Payesh. 2017;16(6):735-45.
44. Jang S-J, Lee H, Son Y-J. Perceptions of patient safety culture and medication error reporting among early-and mid-career female nurses in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2021;18(9):4853.
45. Samsiah A, Othman N, Jamshed S, Hassali MA. Perceptions and Attitudes towards Medication Error Reporting in Primary Care Clinics: A Qualitative Study in Malaysia. PloS one. 2016;11(12):e0166114.
46. Beydokhti TB, Mohamadpour A, Shabab S, Nakhaee H. Cause of occurence and Barriers of Report of Medication Errors among Nursing Personnel of Gonabad Hospitals. Journal Tel. 2014;98:51-57223401.
47. Ghorbanpour Diz M, Mohammad khan Kermanshahi S, Sedaghat M. Evaluation of self-report of the medication errors and its barriers in pediatric wards. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016;3(1):71-80.
48. Chory A, Callen G, Nyandiko W, Njoroge T, Ashimosi C, Aluoch J, et al. A Pilot Study of a Mobile Intervention to Support Mental Health and Adherence Among Adolescents Living with HIV in Western Kenya. AIDS Behavior. 2022;26(1):232-42.
49. Glasner S, Patrick K, Ybarra M, Reback CJ, Ang A, Kalichman S, et al. Promising outcomes from a cognitive behavioral therapy text-messaging intervention targeting drug use, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and HIV risk behaviors among adults living with HIV and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Dependence. 2022;231:109229.
50. Abdulai MA, Mevissen FE, Ruiter RA, Owusu‐Agyei S, Asante KP, Bos AE. A qualitative analysis of factors influencing antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV in Ghana. Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology. 2022;32(1):135-50.
51. Okonji EF, Mukumbang FC, Orth Z, Vickerman-Delport SA, Van Wyk B. Psychosocial support interventions for improved adherence and retention in ART care for young people living with HIV (10–24 years): a scoping review. BMC public health. 2020;20(1):1-11.
52. Abdulrahman SA, Rampal L, Ibrahim F, Radhakrishnan AP, Kadir Shahar H, Othman N. Mobile phone reminders and peer counseling improve adherence and treatment outcomes of patients on ART in Malaysia: A randomized clinical trial. PloS one. 2017;12(5):e0177698.
53. Dowshen N, Kuhns LM, Johnson A, Holoyda BJ, Garofalo R. Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy for youth living with HIV/AIDS: a pilot study using personalized, interactive, daily text message reminders. Journal of medical Internet research. 2012;14(2):e2015.
2. Gańczak M, Topczewska K. Risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens in paramedics. Medycyna pracy. 2018;69(6):685-94.
3. Yum HK. Management and perspectives of patient safety in healthcare. Journal of the Korean Medical Association. 2013;56(6):454-8.
4. Aronson JK. Medication errors: what they are, how they happen, and how to avoid them. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2009;102(8):513-21.
5. Sanghera I, Franklin B, Dhillon S. The attitudes and beliefs of healthcare professionals on the causes and reporting of medication errors in a UK Intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(1):53-61.
6. Donaldson LJ, Kelley ET, Dhingra-Kumar N, Kieny M-P, Sheikh A. Medication without harm: WHO's third global patient safety challenge. The Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1680-1.
7. Farhoudi B, Ghalekhani N, Afsar Kazerooni P, Namdari Tabar H, Tayeri K, Gouya MM, et al. Cascade of care in people living with HIV in Iran in 2019; how far to reach UNAIDS/WHO targets. AIDS care. 2022;34(5):590-6.
8. Stover J, Glaubius R, Kassanjee R, Dugdale CMJJotIAS. Updates to the Spectrum/AIM model for the UNAIDS 2020 HIV estimates. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2021;24:e25778.
9. Li EH, Foisy MM. Antiretroviral and medication errors in hospitalized HIV-positive patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2014;48(8):998-1010.
10. Chiampas TD, Kim H, Badowski M. Evaluation of the occurrence and type of antiretroviral and opportunistic infection medication errors within the inpatient setting. Pharmacy Practice. 2015;13(1).
11. Liedtke M, Tomlin C, Skrepnek G, Farmer K, Johnson P, Rathbun R. HIV pharmacist's impact on inpatient antiretroviral errors. HIV medicine. 2016;17(10):717-23.
12. Yehia BR, Mehta JM, Ciuffetelli D, Moore RD, Pham PA, Metlay JP, et al. Antiretroviral medication errors remain high but are quickly corrected among hospitalized HIV-infected adults. Clinical infectious diseases. 2012;55(4):593-9.
13. Arshad S, Rothberg M, Rastegar DA, Spooner LM, Skiest D. Survey of physician knowledge regarding antiretroviral medications in hospitalized HIV‐infected patients. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2009;12(1):1-
14. Grissinger MC, Kelly K. Reducing the risk of medication errors in women. Journal of women's health. 2005;14(1):61-7.
15. Mrayyan MT, Shishani K, AL‐FAOURI I. Rate, causes and reporting of medication errors in Jordan: nurses’ perspectives. Journal of nursing management. 2007;15(6):659-70.
16. Commers T, Swindells S, Sayles H, Gross AE, Devetten M, Sandkovsky U. Antiretroviral medication prescribing errors are common with hospitalization of HIV-infected patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2014;69(1):262-7.
17. Pastakia SD, Corbett AH, Raasch RH, Napravnik S, Correll TA. Frequency of HIV-related medication errors and associated risk factors in hospitalized patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42(4):491-7.
18. Sterling ES, Romanelli F, Martin CA, Hoven AD, Smith KM. Impact of a pharmacy-initiated HIV admission note on medication errors within an academic hospital. Hospital Pharmacy. 2005;40(10):874-81.
19. Lauzevis S, Chaix F, Lazzerini C. Evaluation of a strategy aimed at reducing errors in antiretroviral prescriptions for hospitalized HIV-infected patients. Médecine et maladies infectieuses. 2013;43(9):391-7.
20. Shea KM, Hobbs AL, Shumake JD, Templet DJ, Padilla-Tolentino E, Mondy KE. Impact of an antiretroviral stewardship strategy on medication error rates. The Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. 2018;75(12):876-85.
21. Carcelero E, Tuset M, Martin M, De Lazzari E, Codina C, Miró J, et al. Evaluation of antiretroviral‐related errors and interventions by the clinical pharmacist in hospitalized HIV‐infected patients. HIV medicine. 2011;12(8):494-9.
22. Daniels LM, Raasch RH, Corbett AH. Implementation of targeted interventions to decrease antiretroviral-related errors in hospitalized patients. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2012;69(5):422-30.
23. Esmaili F, Mehrolhassani M, Barooni M, Goudarzi R. Measurement of efficiency of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian social security organization using data envelopment analysis in 2014. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;12:32-9.
24. Mikkelsen-Lopez I, Wyss K, de Savigny D. An approach to addressing governance from a health system framework perspective. BMC international health human rights. 2011;11(1):1-11.
25. Emamzadeh-Fard S, E Fard S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Paydary K. Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy and its determinants in HIV/AIDS patients: a review. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets. 2012;12(5):346-56.
26. Morowatisharifabad MA, Movahed E, Farokhzadian J, Nikooie R, Hosseinzadeh M, Askarishahi M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and its determinant factors among people living with HIV/AIDS: a case study in Iran. BMC Research Notes. 2019;12(1):1-5.
27. Yalda A, Seyyed Alinaghi S, Hajiabdolbaghi M. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and its determinants in AIDS patients. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2008.
28. Dalmida SG, McCoy K, Koenig HG, Miller A, Holstad MM, Thomas T, et al. Examination of the role of religious and psychosocial factors in HIV medication adherence rates. Journal of religion health. 2017;56(6):2144-61.
29. Chiampas TD, Biagi MJ, Badowski ME. Impact of an HIV-trained clinical pharmacist intervention on error rates of antiretroviral and opportunistic infection medications in the inpatient setting. Pharmacy Practice. 2019;17(3).
30. Camacho G, Kalichman S, Katner H. Anticipated HIV-related stigma and HIV treatment adherence: the indirect effect of medication concerns. AIDS Behavior. 2020;24(1):185-91.
31. Shitu Z, Aung MMT, Tuan Kamauzaman TH, Ab Rahman AF. Prevalence and characteristics of medication errors at an emergency department of a teaching hospital in Malaysia. BMC Health Services Research. 2020;20(1):56.
32. Dyab EA, Elkalmi RM, Bux SH, Jamshed SQ. Exploration of nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers towards medication error reporting in a tertiary health care facility: a qualitative approach. Pharmacy Practice. 2018;6(4):120.
33. Özdemir HÖ, Tosun S, Kabadurmuş FNK, Özdemir D. The impact of socioeconomic factors on the healthcare costs of people living with HIV in Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-10.
34. Özkaya H, Balcı N, Özdemir HÖ, Demirdal T, Tosun S, Köse Ş, et al. Treatment cost of HIV/AIDS in Turkey. International Journal of Health Governance. 2020;25(3):259-69.
35. Altice F, Evuarherhe O, Shina S, Carter G, Beaubrun AC. Adherence to HIV treatment regimens: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Patient preference and adherence. 2019;13:475-90.
36. Habibpour K, Safari R. A Comprehensive Guide to the Use of SPSS at Survey Research. Tehran: Loye (In Farsi); 2009.
37. Hardmeier A, Tsourounis C, Moore M, Abbott WE, Guglielmo BJ. Pediatric medication administration errors and workflow following implementation of a bar code medication administration system. Journal for Healthcare Quality. 2014;36(4):54-63.
38. Furukawa H, Bunko H, Tsuchiya F, Miyamoto K-i. Voluntary medication error reporting program in a Japanese national university hospital. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003;37(11):1716-22.
39. Yürür G, Ramirez Valdez KP. Disclosure of medical errors: A literature review and the situation in Turkey. Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences. 2018;2(01):1850003.
40. Vrbnjak D, Denieffe S, O'Gorman C, Pajnkihar M. Barriers to reporting medication errors and near misses among nurses: A systematic review. International journal of nursing studies. 2016;63:162-78.
41. Al-Ahmadi RF, Al-Juffali L, Al-Shanawani S, Ali S. Categorizing and understanding medication errors in hospital pharmacy in relation to human factors. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society. 2020;28(12):1674-85.
42. DeLorenze GN, Follansbee SF, Nguyen DP, Klein DB, Horberg M, Quesenberry Jr CP, et al. Medication Error in the Care of HIV/AIDS Patients Electronic Surveillance, Confirmation, and Adverse Events. Medical care. 2005:III63-III8.
43. Aeenparast A, Maftoon F, Farzadi F. Identifying key variables for designing a scheduling system for outpatient appointments: A systematic review. Payesh. 2017;16(6):735-45.
44. Jang S-J, Lee H, Son Y-J. Perceptions of patient safety culture and medication error reporting among early-and mid-career female nurses in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2021;18(9):4853.
45. Samsiah A, Othman N, Jamshed S, Hassali MA. Perceptions and Attitudes towards Medication Error Reporting in Primary Care Clinics: A Qualitative Study in Malaysia. PloS one. 2016;11(12):e0166114.
46. Beydokhti TB, Mohamadpour A, Shabab S, Nakhaee H. Cause of occurence and Barriers of Report of Medication Errors among Nursing Personnel of Gonabad Hospitals. Journal Tel. 2014;98:51-57223401.
47. Ghorbanpour Diz M, Mohammad khan Kermanshahi S, Sedaghat M. Evaluation of self-report of the medication errors and its barriers in pediatric wards. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016;3(1):71-80.
48. Chory A, Callen G, Nyandiko W, Njoroge T, Ashimosi C, Aluoch J, et al. A Pilot Study of a Mobile Intervention to Support Mental Health and Adherence Among Adolescents Living with HIV in Western Kenya. AIDS Behavior. 2022;26(1):232-42.
49. Glasner S, Patrick K, Ybarra M, Reback CJ, Ang A, Kalichman S, et al. Promising outcomes from a cognitive behavioral therapy text-messaging intervention targeting drug use, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and HIV risk behaviors among adults living with HIV and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Dependence. 2022;231:109229.
50. Abdulai MA, Mevissen FE, Ruiter RA, Owusu‐Agyei S, Asante KP, Bos AE. A qualitative analysis of factors influencing antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV in Ghana. Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology. 2022;32(1):135-50.
51. Okonji EF, Mukumbang FC, Orth Z, Vickerman-Delport SA, Van Wyk B. Psychosocial support interventions for improved adherence and retention in ART care for young people living with HIV (10–24 years): a scoping review. BMC public health. 2020;20(1):1-11.
52. Abdulrahman SA, Rampal L, Ibrahim F, Radhakrishnan AP, Kadir Shahar H, Othman N. Mobile phone reminders and peer counseling improve adherence and treatment outcomes of patients on ART in Malaysia: A randomized clinical trial. PloS one. 2017;12(5):e0177698.
53. Dowshen N, Kuhns LM, Johnson A, Holoyda BJ, Garofalo R. Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy for youth living with HIV/AIDS: a pilot study using personalized, interactive, daily text message reminders. Journal of medical Internet research. 2012;14(2):e2015.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7, No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v7i1.13302 | |
| Keywords | ||
| HIV/AIDS medication error management patient safety structural equation modeling exploratory factor analysis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Keshtkar N, Masoudi Asl I, Hessam S, Mahfoozpour S. Identifying Effective Factors in the Management of Medication Errors in HIV/AIDS Patients in Iran’s Health System Using Structural Equation Modeling. Health Tech Ass Act. 2023;7(1).
