Comparative Assessment of Detecting Bacterial Populations on the Surface of Medical Equipment in ICU by Standard Microbial Culture and Nanosensor
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Abstract
Background: A healthy, clean, and secure environment is necessary for the hospital, one of the fundamental foundations of the nation’s healthcare system, to function well and sustain the general well-being of society. Timely detection of contaminated surfaces and efficient and timely disinfection will be helpful in hospital infection control.
Objectives: The level of surface contamination of medical equipment in intensive care units was to be determined and compared as part of this research.
Methods: Using standard microbial culture and nanosensors, the current study was conducted descriptively over one month, with a sample size of 400 cases on ten different types of medical equipment.
Results: The findings showed that 66% of samples acquired using the nanosensor and 54.5% obtained using the culture medium were clean, and the rest were contaminated. The most prevalent microbes were also identified as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and salmonella, with 55.68%, 28.9%, and 23.86%, respectively.
Conclusions: Both methods have the necessary precision to identify contamination reservoirs, and the contamination reported in both methods is similar to what was expected. So nanosensors can be utilized as a quick, precise, and affordable method when the aim is to identify the overall contamination rather than to differentiate between different types of bacteria.
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3. Mosadeghrad AM, Qazanfari F, Keykhani S. Hospital Infection Control accreditation standards: A Comparative Review. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2022;12(1):99-122.
4. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin A, et al. Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(8):1039-44.
5. Irwandi I, Fitriani AD, Harahap J. Implementation Analysis of Prevention and Infection Control in Datu Beru Takengon Hospital. Journal La Medihealtico. 2022;3(4):269-78.
6. Carling PC. Health care environmental hygiene: new insights and centers for disease control and prevention guidance. Infectious Disease Clinics. 2021;35(3):609-29.
7. García AM, Cross JH, Fitchett EJ, Kawaza K, Okomo U, Spotswood NE, et al. Infection prevention and care bundles addressing health care-associated infections in neonatal care in low-middle income countries: a scoping review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101259.
8. Rosenthal VD, Myatra SN, Divatia JV, Biswas S, Shrivastava A, Al-Ruzzieh MA, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on health care–associated infections in intensive care units in low-and middle-income countries: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;118:83-8.
9. Revelas A. Healthcare–associated infections: A public health problem. Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association. 2012;53(2):59.
10. Mamishi S, Pourakbari B, Teymuri M, Babamahmoodi A, Mahmoudi S. Management of hospital infection control in Iran: a need for implementation of multidisciplinary approach. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2014;5(4):179-86.
11. Drohan SE, Levin SA, Grenfell BT, Laxminarayan R. Incentivizing hospital infection control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019;116(13):6221-5.
12. Khan HA, Ahmad A, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2015;5(7):509-14.
13. Haghparast H. Socio-Economic Burden of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) Translated in Pharsian By. Journal of Health Administration. 2002;5(13):76-82.
14. Farid GA, Moghaddam AB, Bojdy A. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care center in Mashhad, northeast of Iran; an etiologic survey. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;13(4).
15. Kollef MH, Torres A, Shorr AF, Martin-Loeches I, Micek ST. Nosocomial infection. Critical care medicine. 2021;49(2):169-87.
16. Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Abu Bakar M. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections & Health Care-Associated Infections (HAI)-Brief Review. World J Case Rep 2022 Jan-Mar; 01 (1): 1. 2022;8.
17. Onosakponome EO, Nyenke CU, Okafor RA. Health Care Associated Infections. Journal of Advances in Microbiology. 2022;22(9):104-15.
18. Dancer SJ. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. Journal of hospital Infection. 2009;73(4):378-85.
19. Tomczyk S, Twyman A, de Kraker ME, Rehse APC, Tartari E, Toledo JP, et al. The first WHO global survey on infection prevention and control in health-care facilities. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2022;22(6):845-56.
20. Siani H, Maillard J-Y. Best practice in healthcare environment decontamination. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2015;34:1-11.
21. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Miller MB, Huslage K, Sickbert-Bennett E. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. American journal of infection control. 2010;38(5):S25-S33.
22. Ananda T, Modi A, Chakraborty I, Managuli V, Mukhopadhyay C, Mazumder N. Nosocomial infections and role of nanotechnology. Bioengineering. 2022;9(2):51.
23. Ekrami A, Hosseini M-A, Fallahi-Khoshknab M. Assessing the sensitivity of the Nano-Biosensor Color Indicator as a method for identifying nosocomial infection reservoirs. Health Technology Assessment in Action. 2022;6(3).
24. Jarvis WR. Bennett & Brachman's hospital infections: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2022.
25. Ekrami A, Ghadermazi M, Ekrami M, Hosseini MA, Emam-Djomeh Z, Hamidi-Moghadam R. Development and evaluation of Zhumeria majdae essential oil-loaded nanoliposome against multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2022;69:103148.
26. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Hosseini MA, Emam-Djomeh Z. Characterization and Optimization of Salep Mucilage Bionanocomposite Films Containing Allium jesdianum Boiss. Nanoliposomes for Antibacterial Food Packaging Utilization. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7032.
27. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Moghadam RH, Joolaei-Ahranjani P, Emam-Djomeh Z. Food-based Polymers for Encapsulation and Delivery of Bioactive Compounds. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2022. p. 488-544.
28. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Esmaeily R, Emam-Djomeh Z. Nanotechnology-based Formulation for Alternative Medicines and Natural Products: An Introduction with Clinical Studies. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. 2022:545-80.
29. Ekrami M, Roshani-Dehlaghi N, Ekrami A, Shakouri M, Emam-Djomeh Z. pH-Responsive Color Indicator of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Anthocyanin-Activated Salep Mucilage Edible Film for Real-Time Monitoring of Fish Fillet Freshness. Chemistry. 2022;4(4):1360-81.
30. Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z, Ghoreishy SA, Najari Z, Shakoury N. Characterization of a high-performance edible film based on Salep mucilage functionalized with pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium). International journal of biological macromolecules. 2019;133:529-37.
31. Shakouri M, Salami M, Lim L-T, Ekrami M, Mohammadian M, Askari G, et al. Development of active and intelligent colorimetric biopolymer indicator: Anthocyanin-loaded gelatin-basil seed gum films. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2022:1-13.
32. Mirzakhani M, Ekrami M, Moini S. Chemical composition, total phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of Zhumeria majdae. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering (JFBE). 2018;1:8.
33. Shakouri M, Salami M, Lim L-T, Ekrami M, Mohammadian M, Askari G, et al. Development of active and intelligent colorimetric biopolymer indicator: Anthocyanin-loaded gelatin-basil seed gum films. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2023;17(1):472-84.
34. Ekrami M, Emam Jomeh Z. Effect of stearic acid on thermal, barrier and morphological properties of salep-based edible film. Journal of food science and technology (Iran). 2016;13(58):161-71.
35. Ekrami M, Emam Jomeh Z, Mirzakhani M. Physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable edible film obtained from Salep. Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 2014;45(1):45-51.
36. Nejat MS, Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z. Microencapsulation Liposomal Technologies in Bioactive Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2022. p. 232-63.
37. Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z. Effect of fatty acids on physical, mechanical and moisture barrier based edible film-properties of salep. Journal of Food Science & Technology (2008-8787). 2016;13(51).
38. Stein M, Lipman-Arens S, Oved K, Cohen A, Bamberger E, Navon R, et al. A novel host-protein assay outperforms routine parameters for distinguishing between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2018;90(3):206-13.
39. Riyahin AA, Eshraghi M, Gharehbeglou M, Ahmadli Z, Karami G, Shahrzad ME. Evaluation of ICU microbial contamination in Qom hospitals using observational and microbial monitoring methods with three indices of observation, colony count, and METHICILLIN-RESISTANT S. AUREUS. Journal of Current Research in Science. 2014;2(6):788.
40. Malik RE, Cooper RA, Griffith CJ. Use of audit tools to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning systems in hospitals. American journal of infection control. 2003;31(3):181-7.
41. Cooper RA, Griffith CJ, Malik RE, Obee P, Looker N. Monitoring the effectiveness of cleaning in four British hospitals. American journal of infection control. 2007;35(5):338-41.
42. Nazeri M, Arani JS, Ziloochi N, Delkhah H, Arani MH, Asgari E, et al. Microbial contamination of keyboards and electronic equipment of ICU (Intensive Care Units) in Kashan University of medical sciences and health service hospitals. MethodsX. 2019;6:666-71.
43. Karami G, Khazei M, Rasuli Ravandi F, Emtiyazipoor Z. Evaluating the effect of hospital medical instruments on the nosocomial infection risk. Nursing And Midwifery Journal. 2015;13(7):579-87.
44. Saleh HN, Kavosi A, Pakdel M, Yousefi M, Asghari FB, Mohammadi AA. Assessment health status of ICU medical equipment levels at Neyshabur hospitals using ICNA and ACC indices. MethodsX. 2018;5:1364-72.
45. Yosefi M, Hasanzadeh F, Tabatabeizadeh A, Naderi H, Khadem Rezaiyan M. Investigation of microbial contamination in air and interior surfaces of two teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2021;7(2):133-
2. Bharmal A, Ng C, Vijh R. COVID-19 prevention assessments: a promising tool for preventing outbreaks in long-term care homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2021;22(10):2032-3.
3. Mosadeghrad AM, Qazanfari F, Keykhani S. Hospital Infection Control accreditation standards: A Comparative Review. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2022;12(1):99-122.
4. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin A, et al. Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(8):1039-44.
5. Irwandi I, Fitriani AD, Harahap J. Implementation Analysis of Prevention and Infection Control in Datu Beru Takengon Hospital. Journal La Medihealtico. 2022;3(4):269-78.
6. Carling PC. Health care environmental hygiene: new insights and centers for disease control and prevention guidance. Infectious Disease Clinics. 2021;35(3):609-29.
7. García AM, Cross JH, Fitchett EJ, Kawaza K, Okomo U, Spotswood NE, et al. Infection prevention and care bundles addressing health care-associated infections in neonatal care in low-middle income countries: a scoping review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101259.
8. Rosenthal VD, Myatra SN, Divatia JV, Biswas S, Shrivastava A, Al-Ruzzieh MA, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on health care–associated infections in intensive care units in low-and middle-income countries: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;118:83-8.
9. Revelas A. Healthcare–associated infections: A public health problem. Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association. 2012;53(2):59.
10. Mamishi S, Pourakbari B, Teymuri M, Babamahmoodi A, Mahmoudi S. Management of hospital infection control in Iran: a need for implementation of multidisciplinary approach. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2014;5(4):179-86.
11. Drohan SE, Levin SA, Grenfell BT, Laxminarayan R. Incentivizing hospital infection control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019;116(13):6221-5.
12. Khan HA, Ahmad A, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2015;5(7):509-14.
13. Haghparast H. Socio-Economic Burden of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) Translated in Pharsian By. Journal of Health Administration. 2002;5(13):76-82.
14. Farid GA, Moghaddam AB, Bojdy A. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care center in Mashhad, northeast of Iran; an etiologic survey. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;13(4).
15. Kollef MH, Torres A, Shorr AF, Martin-Loeches I, Micek ST. Nosocomial infection. Critical care medicine. 2021;49(2):169-87.
16. Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Abu Bakar M. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections & Health Care-Associated Infections (HAI)-Brief Review. World J Case Rep 2022 Jan-Mar; 01 (1): 1. 2022;8.
17. Onosakponome EO, Nyenke CU, Okafor RA. Health Care Associated Infections. Journal of Advances in Microbiology. 2022;22(9):104-15.
18. Dancer SJ. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. Journal of hospital Infection. 2009;73(4):378-85.
19. Tomczyk S, Twyman A, de Kraker ME, Rehse APC, Tartari E, Toledo JP, et al. The first WHO global survey on infection prevention and control in health-care facilities. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2022;22(6):845-56.
20. Siani H, Maillard J-Y. Best practice in healthcare environment decontamination. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2015;34:1-11.
21. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Miller MB, Huslage K, Sickbert-Bennett E. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. American journal of infection control. 2010;38(5):S25-S33.
22. Ananda T, Modi A, Chakraborty I, Managuli V, Mukhopadhyay C, Mazumder N. Nosocomial infections and role of nanotechnology. Bioengineering. 2022;9(2):51.
23. Ekrami A, Hosseini M-A, Fallahi-Khoshknab M. Assessing the sensitivity of the Nano-Biosensor Color Indicator as a method for identifying nosocomial infection reservoirs. Health Technology Assessment in Action. 2022;6(3).
24. Jarvis WR. Bennett & Brachman's hospital infections: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2022.
25. Ekrami A, Ghadermazi M, Ekrami M, Hosseini MA, Emam-Djomeh Z, Hamidi-Moghadam R. Development and evaluation of Zhumeria majdae essential oil-loaded nanoliposome against multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2022;69:103148.
26. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Hosseini MA, Emam-Djomeh Z. Characterization and Optimization of Salep Mucilage Bionanocomposite Films Containing Allium jesdianum Boiss. Nanoliposomes for Antibacterial Food Packaging Utilization. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7032.
27. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Moghadam RH, Joolaei-Ahranjani P, Emam-Djomeh Z. Food-based Polymers for Encapsulation and Delivery of Bioactive Compounds. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2022. p. 488-544.
28. Ekrami M, Ekrami A, Esmaeily R, Emam-Djomeh Z. Nanotechnology-based Formulation for Alternative Medicines and Natural Products: An Introduction with Clinical Studies. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. 2022:545-80.
29. Ekrami M, Roshani-Dehlaghi N, Ekrami A, Shakouri M, Emam-Djomeh Z. pH-Responsive Color Indicator of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Anthocyanin-Activated Salep Mucilage Edible Film for Real-Time Monitoring of Fish Fillet Freshness. Chemistry. 2022;4(4):1360-81.
30. Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z, Ghoreishy SA, Najari Z, Shakoury N. Characterization of a high-performance edible film based on Salep mucilage functionalized with pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium). International journal of biological macromolecules. 2019;133:529-37.
31. Shakouri M, Salami M, Lim L-T, Ekrami M, Mohammadian M, Askari G, et al. Development of active and intelligent colorimetric biopolymer indicator: Anthocyanin-loaded gelatin-basil seed gum films. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2022:1-13.
32. Mirzakhani M, Ekrami M, Moini S. Chemical composition, total phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of Zhumeria majdae. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering (JFBE). 2018;1:8.
33. Shakouri M, Salami M, Lim L-T, Ekrami M, Mohammadian M, Askari G, et al. Development of active and intelligent colorimetric biopolymer indicator: Anthocyanin-loaded gelatin-basil seed gum films. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2023;17(1):472-84.
34. Ekrami M, Emam Jomeh Z. Effect of stearic acid on thermal, barrier and morphological properties of salep-based edible film. Journal of food science and technology (Iran). 2016;13(58):161-71.
35. Ekrami M, Emam Jomeh Z, Mirzakhani M. Physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable edible film obtained from Salep. Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 2014;45(1):45-51.
36. Nejat MS, Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z. Microencapsulation Liposomal Technologies in Bioactive Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Biopolymers in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2022. p. 232-63.
37. Ekrami M, Emam-Djomeh Z. Effect of fatty acids on physical, mechanical and moisture barrier based edible film-properties of salep. Journal of Food Science & Technology (2008-8787). 2016;13(51).
38. Stein M, Lipman-Arens S, Oved K, Cohen A, Bamberger E, Navon R, et al. A novel host-protein assay outperforms routine parameters for distinguishing between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2018;90(3):206-13.
39. Riyahin AA, Eshraghi M, Gharehbeglou M, Ahmadli Z, Karami G, Shahrzad ME. Evaluation of ICU microbial contamination in Qom hospitals using observational and microbial monitoring methods with three indices of observation, colony count, and METHICILLIN-RESISTANT S. AUREUS. Journal of Current Research in Science. 2014;2(6):788.
40. Malik RE, Cooper RA, Griffith CJ. Use of audit tools to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning systems in hospitals. American journal of infection control. 2003;31(3):181-7.
41. Cooper RA, Griffith CJ, Malik RE, Obee P, Looker N. Monitoring the effectiveness of cleaning in four British hospitals. American journal of infection control. 2007;35(5):338-41.
42. Nazeri M, Arani JS, Ziloochi N, Delkhah H, Arani MH, Asgari E, et al. Microbial contamination of keyboards and electronic equipment of ICU (Intensive Care Units) in Kashan University of medical sciences and health service hospitals. MethodsX. 2019;6:666-71.
43. Karami G, Khazei M, Rasuli Ravandi F, Emtiyazipoor Z. Evaluating the effect of hospital medical instruments on the nosocomial infection risk. Nursing And Midwifery Journal. 2015;13(7):579-87.
44. Saleh HN, Kavosi A, Pakdel M, Yousefi M, Asghari FB, Mohammadi AA. Assessment health status of ICU medical equipment levels at Neyshabur hospitals using ICNA and ACC indices. MethodsX. 2018;5:1364-72.
45. Yosefi M, Hasanzadeh F, Tabatabeizadeh A, Naderi H, Khadem Rezaiyan M. Investigation of microbial contamination in air and interior surfaces of two teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2021;7(2):133-
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| Issue | Vol 7, No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v7i1.13299 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Hospital Infection Healthcare-Associated Infections Nanotechnology Infection Control Indicators Reagents | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ekrami A, Hosseini MA, Ekrami H. Comparative Assessment of Detecting Bacterial Populations on the Surface of Medical Equipment in ICU by Standard Microbial Culture and Nanosensor. Health Tech Ass Act. 2023;7(1).
